IBMRS/6000 AIX file servers used for ibm.com in
the 1990s
AIX
Version 4 console login prompt
Unix started life at AT&T's Bell Labs research
center in the early 1970s, running on DECminicomputers.
By 1976, the operating system was in use at various academic institutions,
including Princeton, where Tom Lyon and others ported it
to the S/370, to run as a guest OS under VM/370.[6] This
port would later grow out to become UTS,[7] a mainframe Unix offering
by IBM's competitor Amdahl Corporation.[8] IBM's own involvement in
Unix can be dated to 1979, when it assisted Bell Labs in doing its own Unix
port to the 370 (to be used as a build host for
the 5ESS switch's
software). In the process, IBM made modifications to the TSS/370hypervisor to
better support Unix.[9]
It took until 1985 for IBM to
offer its own Unix on the S/370 platform, IX/370, which was developed by Interactive Systems Corporation and
intended by IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS.[10] The
operating system offered special facilities for interoperating with PC/IX, Interactive/IBM's version of Unix for IBM PC
compatible hardware, and was licensed at $10,000 per sixteen
concurrent users.[11]
Among other variants, IBM later
produced AIX Version 3 (also known as AIX/6000), based on System V
Release 3, for their POWER-based RS/6000 platform. Since 1990, AIX has
served as the primary operating system for the RS/6000 series (later renamed IBM eServer pSeries,
then IBM System p, and now IBM Power
Systems). AIX Version 4, introduced in 1994, added symmetric multiprocessing with the
introduction of the first RS/6000 SMP servers and continued to evolve through
the 1990s, culminating with AIX 4.3.3 in 1999. Version 4.1, in a slightly
modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to
complement the Macintosh line.
In the late 1990s, under Project Monterey,
IBM and the Santa Cruz Operation planned to integrate
AIX and UnixWare into
a single 32-bit/64-bit multiplatform
UNIX with particular emphasis on running on IntelIA-64 (Itanium) architecture CPUs. A beta test version
of AIX 5L for IA-64 systems was released, but according to documents released
in the SCO
v. IBM lawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished
Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2002.[12] In
2003, the SCO
Group alleged that (among other infractions) IBM had
misappropriated licensed source code from UNIX System V Release
4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM's license to
develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable,
and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was
adjudicated.
AIX was a component of the 2003 SCO v. IBM lawsuit,
in which the SCO
Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed
SCO's intellectual property to the Linuxcodebase.
The SCO Group,
who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to
revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March
2010, a jury returned a verdict finding that Novell, not the SCO Group, owns the rights to
Unix.[13]
AIX 6 was announced in May 2007,
and it ran as an open beta from June 2007 until the general availability (GA)
of AIX 6.1 on November 9, 2007. Major new features in AIX 6.1 included full role-based access control, workload partitions (which enable
application mobility), enhanced security (Addition of AES encryption type for
NFS v3 and v4), and Live Partition Mobility on the POWER6
hardware.
AIX 7.1 was announced in April
2010, and an open beta ran until general availability of AIX 7.1 in September
2010. Several new features, including better scalability, enhanced clustering
and management capabilities were added. AIX 7.1 includes a new built-in
clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to organize
multiple LPARs through the multipath communications channel to neighboring
CPUs, enabling very high-speed communication between processors. This enables
multi-terabyte memory address range and page table access to support global
petabyte shared memory space for AIX POWER7 clusters so that software
developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using
message passing (i.e. semaphore-controlled Inter-process Communication). AIX
administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By
default, AIX V7.1 pins kernel memory and includes support to allow applications
to pin their kernel stack. Pinning kernel memory and the kernel stack for
applications with real-time requirements can provide performance improvements
by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not
paged out.[14]
AIX 7.2[15] was
announced in October 2015, and released in December 2015. AIX 7.2 principal
feature is the Live Kernel Update capability which allows OS fixes to replace
the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications. AIX 7.2 was also
restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component,
bos.net.tcp.client was repackaged to allow additional installation flexibility.
Unlike AIX 7.1, AIX 7.2 is only supported on systems based on POWER7 or later
processors.
The original AIX (sometimes
called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM 6150 RT workstation by IBM
in conjunction with Interactive Systems Corporation, who had
previously ported UNIX System III to the IBM PC for IBM as PC/IX.[16] According
to its developers, the AIX source (for this initial version) consisted of one
million lines of code.[17] Installation media
consisted of eight 1.2M
floppy disks. The RT was based on the ROMPmicroprocessor,
the first commercial RISC chip.
This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (the IBM 801) .
One of the novel aspects of the
RT design was the use of a microkernel,
called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk
drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel. One could
"hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the Alt-Tab key
combination. Each OS in turn would get possession of the keyboard, mouse and
display. Besides AIX v2, the PICK OS also included this microkernel.
Much of the AIX v2 kernel was
written in the PL/8 programming
language, which proved troublesome during the migration to AIX v3.[citation
needed] AIX v2 included full TCP/IPnetworking, as well as SNA and two networking file systems: NFS, licensed from Sun Microsystems,
and Distributed Services (DS). DS had the
distinction of being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully compatible
with DS on the IBM midrange AS/400 and
mainframe systems. For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v2 came with the
X10R3 and later the X10R4 and X11 versions of the X Window System from
MIT, together with the Athena
widget set. Compilers for Fortran and C were available. One of the more popular
desktop applications was the PageMakerdesktop publishing software.
The product was announced in
September 1988 with a baseline tag price of $595, although some utilities like uucp were included in a separate
Extension package priced at $250. nroff and troff for AIX were also sold separately
in a Text Formatting System package priced at $200. The TCP/IP stack for AIX PS/2 retailed for
another $300. The X Window package was priced at $195,
while the C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price tag of $275. Locus also made
available their DOS
Merge virtual machine environment for AIX, which could run MS
DOS 3.3 applications inside AIX; DOS Merge was sold separately for another $250.[19] IBM also offered a $150 AIX
PS/2 DOS Server Program, which provided file server and print server services
for client computers running PC DOS 3.3.[20]
The last version of PS/2 AIX is
1.3. It was released in 1992 and announced to add support for non-IBM
(non-microchannel) computers as well.[21] Support
for PS/2 AIX ended in March 1995.[22]
In 1988, IBM announced AIX/370,
also developed by Locus Computing. AIX/370 was IBM's third attempt to offer Unix-like functionality
for their mainframe line, specifically the System/370 (the
prior versions were a TSS/370-based
Unix system developed jointly with AT&T c.1980,[9] and VM/IX,
a VM/370-based
system developed jointly with Interactive Systems Corporation c.1984).
AIX/370 was released in 1990 with functional equivalence to System V Release 2
and 4.3BSD as well as IBM enhancements. With the introduction of the ESA/390 architecture, AIX/370 was
replaced by AIX/ESA in 1991, which was based on OSF/1, and also ran on the System/390 platform.
This development effort was made partly to allow IBM to compete with AmdahlUTS.[citation
needed] Unlike AIX/370, AIX/ESA ran
both natively as the host operating system, and as a guest under VM. AIX/ESA, while technically advanced, had
little commercial success, partially because UNIX functionality was added as an
option to the existing mainframe operating system, MVS, which became MVS/ESA OpenEdition in 1999.[citation
needed]
As part of Project Monterey,
IBM released a beta
test version of AIX 5L for the IA-64 (Itanium) architecture in 2001, but this never
became an official product due to lack of interest.[12]
The Apple Network Server systems were
PowerPC-based systems designed by Apple Computer to
have numerous high-end features that standard Apple hardware did not have,
including swappable hard drives, redundant power supplies, and external
monitoring capability. These systems were more or less based on the Power Macintosh hardware
available at the time but were designed to use AIX (versions 4.1.4 or 4.1.5) as
their native operating system in a specialized version specific to the ANS.
AIX was only compatible with the
Network Servers and was not ported to standard Power Macintosh hardware. Not to
be confused is A/UX,
Apple's earlier version of Unix for 68k-based Macintoshes.
The release of AIX version 3
(sometimes called AIX/6000) coincided with the announcement of the
first POWER1-based
IBM RS/6000models
in 1990.
AIX v3 innovated in several ways
on the software side. It was the first operating system to introduce the idea
of a journaling file system, JFS, which allowed for fast boot times by
avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks (see fsck) on every reboot. Another innovation was shared libraries which
avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used.
The resulting smaller binaries used less of the hardware RAM to run, and used
less disk space to install. Besides improving performance, it was a boon to
developers: executable binaries could be in the tens of kilobytes instead of a megabyte for an
executable statically linked to the C library.
AIX v3 also scrapped the microkernel of AIX v2, a contentious move that
resulted in v3 containing no PL/I code and being somewhat more "pure"
than v2.
Other notable subsystems
included:
·IRIS GL,
a 3D rendering library, the progenitor of OpenGL. IRIS GL was licensed by IBM from SGI in
1987, then still a small company which had sold only one thousand machines to
date. SGI also provided the low-end graphics card for the RS/6000, capable of
drawing 20,000 gouraud-shaded triangles per second. The
high-end graphics card was designed by IBM, a follow-on to the mainframe-based IBM 5080, capable of rendering 990,000 vectors
per second.
·DPS on-screen display system. This was
notable as a "plan B" in case the X11+Motif combination failed in the
marketplace. However, it was highly proprietary, supported only by Sun, NeXT, and IBM. This cemented its failure in
the marketplace in the face of the open systems challenge of X11+Motif and
its lack of 3D capability.
As of 2015, AIX runs on IBM Power, System p, System i,
System p5, System i5, eServer p5, eServer pSeries and eServer i5 server product
lines, as well as IBM BladeCenter blades[23] and IBM PureFlex compute nodes based on Power
Architecture technology.
AIX 7.1 fully exploits systems
based on POWER7 processors
include the Active Memory Expansion feature, which increases system flexibility
where system administrators can configure logical partitions (LPARs) to use
less physical memory. For example, an LPAR running AIX appears to the OS
applications to be configured with 80 GB of physical memory but the hardware
actually only consumes 60 GB of physical memory. Active Memory Expansion is a virtual memory compression system which
employs memory compression technology to transparently compress in-memory data,
allowing more data to be placed into memory and thus expanding the memory capacity
of POWER7 systems. Using Active Memory Expansion can improve system utilization
and increase a system’s throughput. AIX 7 automatically manages the size of
memory pages used to automatically use 4 KB, 64 KB or a combination
of those page sizes. This self-tuning feature results in optimized performance
without administrative effort.
La
piscina Sainte Victoire de Venelles desde hace cerca de un año se ha
convertido en la mejor alternativa a la piscina Yves Blanc que como
sabréis, si erais usuarios, cerró para ser remodelada por un periodo de dos
años (o los que le echen, viendo lo
¿Darse de alta como residente es necesario? Has de
saber que darse de alta como residente es facultativo. En mi caso, me di de
alta porque quería votar a distancia y me encontraba en Francia durante todas
las elecciones que ha habido en estos últimos
Casarse en Francia siendo español es mucho más sencillo
de lo que puedas imaginar. Cuando se me ocurrió la idea rápidamente la rechacé
por lo complicada que me pareció, pero luego descubrí que casi sin moverte de
casa puedes gestionar todo el papeleo. Elegí Aix
Tras probar diversos recorridos para visitar la ciudad de
Marsella, este itinerario es el mejor y el más completo que he descubierto
hasta la fecha. Empezamos: Lo mejor es empezar viendo Marsella desde lo alto,
así que te sugiero subir directamente a la basílica de
Parece mentira que teniendo tan cerca Marsella de Aix en
Provence nunca haya hablado de esta ciudad…hasta hoy. Pues bien: olvídate de
los prejuicios y ves a descubrir la ciudad más antigua de Francia. ¿Qué
hay que ver en Marsella? Cada vez que bajo a Marsella
Yo creo que tres años en Aix en Provence dan para poder
recomendar sin equivocarme unos cuantos restaurantes de donde salir más que
satisfecho: El primero en mi lista es el restaurante gastronómico La Brocherie,
en el número 5 de la rue Fernan Dol. Después
Ahora que estamos en verano los propietarios de perros
nos enfrentamos a un problema: queremos disfrutar de la playa y de la compañía
de nuestra mascota a la vez pero es difícil (y a veces imposible)
encontrar una playa donde acepten a los perros. Navegando
Si eres un amante del arte seguro que te interesa visitar
el Museo Granet considerado como uno de los museos más célebres de la Provenza
gracias a su rica y diversa colección permanente y a sus magnificas colecciones
temporales. Inaugurado en 1838 en un edificio
Ya habrás reparado en esa curiosa bebida amarillenta con
fuerte olor a anís acompañada de una botellita de cristal con agua que
abunda en las mesas de los bares a la hora del aperitivo. Es el pastis, el
aperitivo* provenzal por excelencia y que según el grupo
AIX lleva 30 años
ofreciendo un entorno seguro de alto rendimiento, flexible y fiable. En IBM,
damos prioridad a la innovación continua para tratar los requisitos de negocio
de nuestros clientes de AIX, en constante evolución.
AIX Live Update
Actualizaciones sin tiempo
de inactividad
Los usuarios pueden aplicar parches en caliente desde AIX 6.1, y
de hecho, IBM Support proporciona arreglos temporales de actualización
concurrente que habilitan los parches de kernel sin rearrancar. Aunque en
algunas situaciones, los arreglos no pueden codificarse con este método.
AIX Update ahora permite aplicar todos los arreglos temporales,
service packs y niveles de tecnología sin tener que rearrancar, utilizando la
virtualización de LPAR, la virtualización de AIX y la tecnología de instalación
alt-disk. AIX Live Update permite:
·Crear una nueva LPAR con un kernel en ejecución actualizado
·Proporcionar una migración en directo mientras se ejecutan
cargas de trabajo en esta nueva LPAR
ANDROID GOOGLE ES LA RED MAS GRANDE A NIVEL MUNDIAL. EN GOOGLE PODEMOS BUSCAR TODO TIPO DE INFORMACIÓN. Como pasar Toda tu Informacion de un Android a otro en Android ... ▶ 3:38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbKBmG3X7I8
LINUX GNU Seguramente te has preguntado en más de una ocasión cuáles son las similitudes y diferencias entre Linux y BSD. Más allá de ser sistemas basados en Unix hay muchas características que los distinguen. atzerok Linux y BSD son sistemas operativos con mucho en común, siendo el objetivo principal de ambos proporcionar un sistema útil y fiable a toda su comunidad . Sin embargo, hay diferencias significativas que vale la pena conocer. Si, ambos son derivados de Unix y cualquiera podría pensar que eso los hace similares, pero para otros es justamente esa la razón que los hace diferentes; todo depende del punto de vista con que se vea. BSD es un sistema que con el paso del tiempo ha mantenido su estilo fiel a la filosofía Unix, caso contrario de las variantes Linux que de alguna manera conservan una parte de su esencia pero que definitivamente han estado haciendo las cosas de manera diferente. Un ejemplo claro de esto e...
Update ahora permite aplicar todos los arreglos temporales,
service packs y niveles de tecnología sin tener que rearrancar, utilizando la
virtualización de LPAR, la virtualización de AIX y la tecnología de instalación
alt-disk. AIX Live Update permite:
·
Crear una nueva LPAR con un kernel en ejecución actualizado
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